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Timing Is Everything

Key Economic Concepts:

• Incentive
• Interest
• Interest Rate
• Opportunity Cost
• Savings

Description:

In the first part of the lesson students examine the incentives and opportunity costs of spending and saving in a teacher directed lesson. The remainder of the lesson is an interactive web site. Students work through problems that demonstrate the power of compound interest.

Lesson Objectives:

Students will:

• Identify the opportunity cost of and incentives for spending and saving.
• Analyze and explain the relationship among time, amount saved, the interest rate and its impact on savings growth.

Introduction:

Income after taxes is used for two purposes: spending and saving. The benefit of consuming things today versus the benefit of consuming some things later through saving depends upon an understanding of opportunity cost. The opportunity cost of a decision is the most highly valued forgone alternative. For example, if you choose to buy new athletic shoes, you give up the opportunity to buy something else with your income today or you give up the opportunity to save your income for use in the future.

Most young adults do not save because they perceive that the opportunity cost is too great. However, when they begin to understand the power of compound interest over time, they may decide that the benefits of saving are, in fact, greater than the benefits of spending the money today.

Financial success is rarely achieved unless individuals choose to postpone some current spending so that they can save some income. Many young people think they don't have enough income to save and, as a result, they don't get off to an early start on a regular saving program. Young adults who choose to start saving early and regularly to take advantage of the magic of compound interest can build their personal savings into a comfortable nest egg.

To illustrate what we are talking about complete the following exercises.

(Please note: These activities are best accessed using Netscape or Internet Explorer for the PC platform or Netscape for MacIntosh. They will not perform using Internet Explorer for MacIntosh.)

Resources:

•"The Mint": Students can visit this site to learn more about the importance of earning and saving.
www.themint.org/ ^[1]

Process:

Activity 1

First Name	Last Name	Age
Select the number of hours you wish to work during a month. You will earn $6.00 an hour. 20 hours per month 40 hours per month 60 hours per month At $6.00 per hour, your monthly income will be
In this lesson, you have learned about saving and spending. Now that you know your monthly income, you must determine how much of your income you wish to save each month. Select what percentage you wish to save each month? 25% 35% 50% Your total savings each month will be
At this rate, use the calculator below to figure how much you will have saved after: A check mark will appear when your answer is correct. 1 year   5 years   10 years

Activity 2

Activity 3

In Activity 2 the students learned about the power of compound interest. Interest is the price paid for the use of someone else's savings. Compound interest is interest earned on saving that includes previously earned interest.

How does compound interest work?

Suzy Saver and Tommy Savalot each have accumulated $2,000. Suzy and Tommy are putting their $2,000 in an account that pays 5% interest per year. Suzy leaves her interest in the account where it will compound at the 5% rate. Tommy withdraws his interest each year and uses it to buy himself something special.

After one year what will be the total savings?

For Suzy
For Tommy

In year 2, Suzy and Tommy each deposit another $2,000 to their accounts. At the end of year 2, how much interest do they receive?

For Suzy
For Tommy

Suzy keeps her interest in her account. Remember, Tommy does not leave any of the interest in his account. At the end of two years, what will their total savings be?

For Suzy
For Tommy

Now consider how much Suzy and Tommy will have in their accounts after 20 years. If Suzy and Tommy continue to save for 20 years, what will be their total savings?

For Suzy
For Tommy

In both Suzy's and Tommy's saving program, the rate of interest was the same: 5%. However, Suzy's total savings at the end of 20 years was $69,438.42 and Tommy's was $40,000. Suzy earned more money because her interest was compounded.

Challenge Question
Now assume Tommy had deposited his money in an account that paid interest at a rate of 3%. Also assume that he left the money in the account to accumulate interest for 20 years just like Suzy.

Calculate the total amount of savings Tommy would have earned after 20 years if he allowed interest to compound at the 3% rate over 20 years.

In this case, even though Tommy earned compounded interest on his money, he still has less in total savings than Suzy has after 20 years. That is because Tommy's money was earning interest at a rate of 3% as opposed to Suzy's 5%.

Saving For College

For the past 10 years, the average cost of college tuition and fees has risen nationally at the rate of about 5% per year, consistently outpacing the rate of overall inflation. Given these numbers, the average cost of a college education in 18 years may be as much as $85,000 for a four-year public institution and more than $200,000 for a four-year private institution.

The cost figures given above demonstrate just how important it is to save, not only for college but also for any other goals that you may have. Using the college example, however, you can see that in order to build up the savings that may be required you must begin a savings program as early as possible. This entire lesson demonstrates that "Timing is Everything." The magic of compound interest can make a big difference in helping you to attain your goals.

Many states have begun to offer tax-deferred college investment plans. They are easy to set up and offer many advantages. Tax-deferment until the time of distribution plus the power of compound interest results will cause savings to grow much faster than they would in a taxable savings plan.

By investing even a small amount on a regular basis, you can accumulate a significant amount for your college fund.

The example above illustrates the future value of savings based on three different savings plans for four different periods of time, assuming an annual investment return of 8%.

Conclusion:

Particularly in the example about college savings plans, this lesson demonstrates how quickly your money can grow. As we know, income after taxes can be used for two purpose: spending and saving. In considering how they will spend their money in the future, the students should keep the opportunity cost of their choices in mind and think about how those choices will affect their future.

Many young people don't think they have enough income to save. As a result, they don't get off to an early start on a regular saving program. How can this decision be costly in the long run?

Remember:

• The amount saved is not as important as saving on a regular basis!
• The more time you have to save, the more savings you will have at the end of the time period.
• The more income you choose to save, the more savings you will have at the end of the time period.
• The higher the interest rate the more savings you will have at the end of the time period.

Assessment Activity:

When the students have completed the lesson, they should print directly from their browser (from the student's version) and turn it in for grading.

Links Used:

1. ^{^} "The U.S. Mint" - (www.themint.org) The U.S. Mint website for kids.

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